天津郊区农田降雨径流重金属的污染特征及来源分析

降雨条件下形成的农田径流是土壤与水体间物质交换的一种重要形式,是农业非点源污染的重要组成部分.2007-2008年,在强降雨条件下,定点采集了天津市郊农田降雨径流样品64个,并对其重金属含量进行了分析测定.结果显示:研究区农田降雨径流中Cr、Ni、Cd、Zn等4项重金属含量服从对数正态分布,Cu、As、Pb为偏态分布....     

Effects of Vegetation Stems on Hydraulics of Overland Flow Under Varying Water Discharges

Vegetation plays an important role in soil erosion control, but few studies have been performed to quantify the effects of vegetation stems on hydraulics of overland flow. Laboratory flume experiments were conducted to investigate the potential effects of vegetation stems on Reynolds number, Froude number, flow velocity and hydraulic resistance of silt‐laden overland flow. Cylinders with diameter D of 2·0, 3·2 and 4·0 × 10⁻² m were glued onto the flume bed to simulate the vegetation stems, and a bare slope was used as control. The flow discharge varied from 0·5 to 1·5 × 10⁻³ m³ s⁻¹ and slope gradient was 9°. Results showed that Reynolds number on vegetated slope was significantly higher than that on bare slope because of the effect of vegetation stems on effective flow width. All the flows were supercritical flow, but Froude number decreased as D increased, implying a decrease in runoff ability to carry sediment. The mean flow velocity also decreased with D, while the velocity profile became steeper, and no significant differences were found in surface flow velocities among longitudinal sections on all slopes. Darcy–Weisbach friction coefficient increased with D, implying that the energy consumption of overland flow on hydraulic resistance increased. Reynolds number was not a unique predictor of hydraulic roughness on vegetated slopes. The total resistance on vegetated slopes was partitioned into grain resistance and vegetation resistance, and vegetation resistance accounted for almost 80% of the total resistance and was the dominant roughness element. Further studies are needed to extend and apply the insights obtained under controlled conditions to actual overland flow conditions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Amending Soil with Sludge,Manure, Humic Acid,Orthophosphate and Phytic Acid: Effects on Infiltration,Runoff and Sediment Loss

Application of organic wastes to cultivated lands can replace mineral fertilizers but may also alter soil physical properties and enhance pollution potential. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of biosolids [composted manure (MC) and activated sludge (AS)] and specific biosolid component [orthophosphate (OP), phytic acid (PA) and humic acid (HA)] application on soils differing in texture [loamy‐sand (Ramat‐HaKovesh, RH), loam (Gilat, GL) and clay (Bet‐Dagan, BD)], infiltration rate, runoff volume and soil sediment loss. The soils were packed in erosion boxes (400 × 200 × 40 mm) and subjected to six consecutive simulated rainstorms, each of 186 mm deionized water. The results showed that runoff volume and sediment loss from untreated soils increased with increasing clay contents. In treated soils, the response to AS application differed from the response to other amendments; in the BD clay and GL loam, it was the only amendment that caused a decrease in sediment removed by runoff. In the RH loamy‐sand, all amendments reduced the final infiltration rate, but only AS and HA increased the measured runoff. It is proposed that the difference in the response of the soils to the amendments is associated with the soil's ability to attenuate changes in the negative charge on the clay edges following the increase in the specific adsorption of charged anions, thus controlling clay swelling and maintaining aggregate integrity. The effects of amending soils with a source of organic matter in order to control runoff and soil erosion are not straight forward and depend on soil and amendment properties. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

土壤水分动态对林地地表径流的影响概况

指出了土壤水分是影响地表径流产生重要因素之一 ,研究土壤水分在土壤中的分布、土壤水分动态变化规律以及影响土壤水分变化的因子 ,对林地的生态环境保护具有重要意义.土壤水分的分布受空间和时间的影响 ,不仅如此 ,土壤水分动态变化和分布规律还受到诸如气象因子、地形因子、地形利用因子、人为活动等因子的影响.这些影响因素都导致了土壤水分动态变化在空间和时间上的差异 ,从而导致了林地降雨-产流的差异.因此 ,深入研究影响土壤水分变化的各种因素 ,以及研究各种因素对土壤水分动态变化的作用规律 ,一方面能够为降雨-地表径流的发生规律提供参考 ,另一方面为保护林地植被生长提供了重要的条件.     

北京九龙山林地对降雨的调蓄功能*

对北京九龙山油松林、侧柏林、阴坡灌木林、阳坡灌木林的林冠层、枯落物层及土壤层对降雨的调蓄功能进行了研究，结果表明：四种不同林地的林冠截持率为２２％～３２％，大暴雨下的截持率为７％～１０％；枯落物层的有效调蓄为０．４６～２．４２ｍｍ；５０ｃｍ土层的快速、慢速和变化调蓄量分别为３５～４８ｍｍ；５４～４８ｍｍ，２８～５２ｍｍ；四种林地调蓄功能的顺序从大到小为油松林、阴坡灌木林、阳坡灌木林、侧柏林。     

冷态鼓泡流化床中木屑流化速度的研究

冷态条件下,在鼓泡流化床中采用木屑为原料,分布板在 2%～4% 不同开孔率的条件下,分别考察了原料粒径和床层高度对木屑流化速度的影响.得出结论:分布板压降和流速成二次函数关系;以木屑为原料,分布板开孔率和床层高度对临界液化速度的影响不大,粒径分布对临界流化速度随粒径的增大而增加.     

赤红壤蔗区11年连续增量施磷下磷素演变及其 对甘蔗产量与磷流失的影响

【目的】 系统分析连续11年增量施磷下赤红壤蔗地土壤全磷、Olsen-P以及地表径流磷流失量的变化特征和土壤磷素变化与磷盈亏、蔗茎产量的响应关系,为土壤磷素科学管理提供参考。【方法】 依托长期肥力及地表径流定位监测试验（2008年—）,选取不施肥（CK）、推荐施肥（OPT）和增量施磷（OPT+P）3个处理,测定土壤全磷、Olsen-P含量及地表径流磷流失量,分析土壤磷素变化与磷累积盈亏量的关系,采用Mitscherlich模型拟合蔗茎产量对Olsen-P的响应曲线,计算土壤Olsen-P农学阈值,并推算施肥处理土壤Olsen-P含量从第11年降至环境阈值所需的时间。【结果】 CK处理逐年降低土壤全磷含量,年降速率为0.0251 g·kg ^-1·a ^-1。施肥土壤全磷和Olsen-P含量随种植年限波动增加,土壤全磷和Olsen-P增速率OPT+P处理高于OPT处理。不施肥土壤表观磷盈亏10.2 kg·hm ^-2·a ^-1,施肥处理土壤表观磷盈余41.3—69.2 kg·hm ^-2·a ^-1,占施磷量的31.9%—35.6%,以OPT+P处理显著高于OPT处理67.5%。施肥下赤红壤蔗区土壤全磷和Olsen-P变化量均与土壤累积磷盈亏量呈显著正相关关系（P＜0.01）,土壤每累积盈余100 kg P·hm ^-2,OPT处理和OPT+P处理土壤全磷上升0.06 g·kg ^-1和0.09 g·kg ^-1,Olsen-P 含量上升11.0 mg·kg ^-1和9.1 mg·kg ^-1。土壤每累积亏缺100 kg P·hm ^-2,CK处理土壤全磷下降0.32 g·kg ^-1。Mitscherlich模型较好地拟合蔗茎产量与赤红壤Olsen-P含量的响应关系（P＜0.01）。其计算出的土壤Olsen-P 农学阈值为12.1 mg·kg ^-1。施肥显著提高地表径流磷流失量,且OPT+P处理也显著高于OPT处理。地表径流磷流失量与土壤Olsen-P含量显著正相关。基于土壤磷素变化与累积磷盈亏的关系推算得出第11年OPT和OPT+P处理Olsen-P水平降至环境阈值的时间分别需要12年和16年。 【结论】 在南方赤红壤区,施肥尤其增量施磷在提高土壤磷素累积的同时增加了地表径流磷流失风险。在本试验磷的基础养分条件下,按OPT处理施磷,并从甘蔗种植的第2—3年实行隔年施磷可维持土壤磷素处于农学阈值与环境阈值之间。     

Flow alteration and thermal pollution depress modelled growth rates of an iconic riverine fish,the Murray cod Maccullochella peelii

The serial discontinuity concept (SDC) proposes that hypolimnetic‐releasing impoundments cause major disruptions to the naturally occurring physical, chemical and biological gradients of rivers but that this impact diminishes with distance downstream. Such a gradient in discharge, flow velocity and temperature regime occurs below a large hypolimnetic‐releasing impoundment, the Hume Dam, on the River Murray in south‐eastern Australia. To examine the effects of this disturbance gradient on a warm‐water large‐bodied freshwater fish, the Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii), a bioenergetics model was developed and calibrated to explore energy expended under differing water velocities and temperature regimes. Model simulations predicted negative growth of juveniles directly downstream of the impoundment, due largely to the energetic costs associated with active and, to a lesser extent, standard metabolism outweighing the achievable energetic gains through food consumption. As flow velocity and temperature regimes became more favourable downstream, so did the simulated growth of the species. It was not until +239 km downstream of the impoundment that the model predicted that flow velocity and temperature regimes were suitable for greater weight gains. The modelled growth responses of juvenile Murray cod are consistent with the predictions of the SDC, emphasising that changes in the bioenergetics of individuals are likely to be reflected in reduced growth rates under the changed flow velocity and temperature regimes imposed by disturbance gradients. This research represents a valuable step in the biological understanding of Murray cod within variable riverine environments and emphasises the urgency required to mitigate impacts associated with hypolimnetic impoundments.     

基于耦合协调度的大理河流域径流和输沙关系分析

深入研究流域水沙关系变化是解决黄河流域高质量发展关键问题的重要科学途径之一。自20世纪50年代以来,黄河中游地区实施了大规模的水土保持工程,径流和输沙显著减少,水沙关系发生变化。该研究利用Mann-Kendall趋势检验法分析了1960—2015年来大理河流域的径流输沙变化趋势,并构建基于耦合协调度理论和Pettitt检验方法的径流输沙关系变异诊断方法,识别大理河流域径流和输沙关系的突变点,并通过Copula方法进行验证。结果表明:1)大理河流域径流输沙在月尺度和年尺度呈现显著的下降趋势;2)大理河流域径流和输沙关系在1996年发生显著突变;3)径流输沙关系发生突变后,径流和输沙均明显减少,输沙的减少幅度比径流的减少幅度高29.19个百分点,径流对输沙贡献程度下降幅度为5.10%,单位径流的输沙能力降低;4)淤地坝建设和植被恢复是造成大理河流域水沙变化的主要因素,修建淤地坝和恢复植被对减少泥沙具有积极作用。研究成果可以为进一步深化理解大理河流域水沙关系变化以及水土流失治理提供依据。     

降雨强度对农业耕作措施水土保持作用的影响

利用人工模拟降雨试验，研究不同降雨强度下，不同农业耕作措施坡地水土流失特征。试验设计的坡地坡度分别为5°和15°，降雨强度分别为60、90、120 mm·h^-1；耕作措施分别为等高耕作、人工掏挖和人工锄耕，以相同坡度的平整坡地作为对照。结果表明：（1）随着降雨强度的增大，各耕作措施坡地产流量显著增大1.51倍以上，最大增加幅度为等高耕作坡地的2.28倍。而坡地产沙量在降雨强度较小时增加不显著，当降雨强度增大到120 mm·h^-1时，坡地产沙量显著增大；（2）与平整坡地相比，等高耕作在3个降雨强度下都具有明显的减流效益，减流量均大于15%，而人工锄耕和人工掏挖却不明显；（3）在5°坡地上，等高耕作和人工掏挖在3个降雨强度的减沙效益均大于25%，而人工锄耕减沙效益不明显；在坡度为15°、降雨强度为60 mm·h^-1和90 mm·h^-1时，人工锄耕和人工掏挖减沙效益与降雨强度关系无明显规律，在降雨强度为120 mm·h^-1时，3个耕作措施都不能有效降低坡地产沙量。可见，水土保持农业耕作措施具有降低坡地产流量的作用，而对于坡地产沙的作用存在明显差异，在大坡度和大降雨强度下，不仅不能降低坡地产沙，反而加剧坡地土壤流失。